电影大全-同步影视
2024-09-14 01:59:25
电影大全-同步影视剧情介绍:
从前的一切唯物主义（包括费尔巴哈的唯物主义）的主要缺点是：对对象、现实、感性，只是从客体的或者直观的形式去理解，而不是把它们当作感性的人的活动，当作实践去理解，不是从主体方面去理解。因此，和唯物主义相反，能动的方面却被唯心主义抽象地发展了，当然，唯心主义是不知道现实的、感性的活动本身的。[11]
在某种意义上可以说，这段话是阐明马克思哲学革命与康德哲学革命关系的总纲。在这段极为重要的论述中，蕴含着以下两层意思：
第一层意思是，尽管马克思在这里没有提到康德的名字，也没有对康德的哲学革命做出全面的论述，但他从根本上肯定了康德哲学革命的思路，因为从主体出发，而不是从对象出发看问题的思路正是康德哲学革命所取得的根本性成果。如前所述，康德的“哥白尼式的革命”就是要扭转他以前的哲学家从对象或直观出发去理解人的认识活动的传统思路，而主张把立足点转移到主体方面来，也就是说，要从主体带入认识活动中的先验要素出发去理解人的认识活动。我们知道，《纯粹理性批判》这部著作是由“先验要素论”和“先验方法论”构成的，而康德对“先验要素论”的论述则占据了这部著作的绝大部分篇幅。在“先验要素论”中，“先验感性论”阐明了时间、空间作为先天直观的纯粹形式在认识活动中的作用，而“先验逻辑”则阐明了知性范畴在认识活动中的作用及当人们在理性本性的驱使下运用知性范畴去认识超经验的“自在之物”时必然陷入的“先验幻象”。也正是在肯定康德哲学革命的根本思路的基础上，马克思指出，“和唯物主义相反，能动的方面却被唯心主义抽象地发展了”。第二层意思是，马克思也看到了康德哲学革命的局限性——虽然康德高扬了主体性和认识的能动的方面，但他忽略了感性实践活动在整个人类认识中的基础性的作用，因为他只停留在对“心”是一切认识活动的基础这一结论的强调上，但对这一结论却缺乏任何论证。在这个意义上可以说，康德的认识论本质上是静态的、直观的认识论，蕴含着主观主义和神秘主义的倾向。
相关影视:电影大全-同步影视
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